Bladder Cancer

The bladder is a hollow organ in the pelvis that stores urine before it leaves the body when urinating. This function makes the bladder an important part of the urinary tract. The urinary tract is also composed of the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. 



The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped part of the kidney that collects urine and sends it to the ureter. The ureter is the tube from each kidney to the bladder. The urethra is the tube that carries urine out of the body. The prostate is also part of the urinary tract.
 
The bladder, like the rest of the urinary tract, is lined with a layer of cells called the urothelium. This cell layer is separated from the bladder wall muscles called lamina propria by a thin fibrous band called the lamina propria.

Bladder cancer begins when healthy cells in the inner layer of the bladder (most commonly urothelial cells) change and become uncontrollable, forming a mass called a tumor. Urothelial cells also line the renal pelvis and ureter. 

Cancers that occur in the renal pelvis and ureter are also considered to be a type of urothelial cancer and are often referred to as urothelial cancer of the upper urinary tract. In most cases, it is treated like bladder cancer and is described in this guide. 

Tumors can be malignant or benign. Malignant tumors are malignant. That is, the tumor can grow and spread to other parts of the body. A benign tumor means that the tumor can grow but cannot spread. Benign bladder tumors are very rare.

Types of bladder cancer

Urothelial carcinoma: Urothelial cancer (or UCC) accounts for about 90% of all bladder cancers. It also accounts for 10% to 15% of kidney cancer diagnosed in adults. It begins with urothelial cells of the urinary tract. Urothelial carcinoma is also called transitional epithelial cancer or TCC.

Squamous cell carcinoma: Squamous epithelial cells develop on the inner wall of the bladder in response to irritation and inflammation. Over time, these cells can become cancerous. Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for about 4% of all bladder cancers.

Adenocarcinoma: This type accounts for about 2% of all bladder cancers and originates from glandular cells.

There are also less common types of bladder cancer, such as bladder sarcoma and small cell bladder cancer. Bladder sarcomas often occur in the fat or muscle layers of the bladder. Small cell bladder cancer is a rare type of bladder cancer that is likely to spread to other parts of the body.

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